Background: One of the assumptions which not discussed in all methods of reliability analysis is that human Performance depends on the conditions under which tasks and activities could performed. This condition could be related to both specific and environmental factors. In general, the Performance shaping factors (PSFs), or factors influencing Performance (PIFs) returns the state to promote safety and reduce human error, so identify and evaluate these factors is considered as a necessity.Methods: This study is a case study in the control room. Three operational gas transmission companies has been implemented. To conduct this research, initially focused on the identification and selection of factors affecting the Performance required for data collection, preparation and completion of a questionnaire, and finally the analysis was done using fuzzy logic.Results: Analysis of the questionnaires showed that in the opinion of the control room operators, the quality of "number of simulation goals" and "available time" is acceptable, and "the adequacy of training and experience" is not acceptable.Conclusion: Identify and assess the factors affecting the Performance of various industries using fuzzy analysis method is extremely useful to reduce human error.

Background and Purpose: Selection of the appropriate Performance shaping factors (PSFs) is a vital challenge encountered by all experts in human reliability analysis (HRA) and plays a significant role in achieving reliable results. The main purpose of this research is to present a comprehensive set of staff PSFs that affect the emergence of errors and incidents in the healthcare system, referred to as healthcare-(H)-PSFs. Materials and Methods: In this study, the set of H-PSFs was extracted using the PSFs presented for other fields and through consultation with HRA and healthcare experts. For investigation of whether the set of H-PSFs was comprehensive and appropriate, 318 reports of errors and incidents that had arisen at 14 hospitals during 12 months were examined, and the frequency values of each factor were obtained in two modes: where a PSF could and where it could not be repeated in an incident. The most significant H-PSFs were identified using Pareto charts. Also, using Minitab software, the Chi-square goodness of fit test was used to validate the proposed set of PSFs and demonstrate the appropriate accuracy of their frequency of occurrence. Results: According to experts, 43 PSFs were identified for the healthcare system. Using the medical error reports, the number of times that errors and mistakes were related to each PSF was calculated in two cases with and without repetition. To identify the most important PSFs, the Pareto principle has been used. According to the Pareto principle, 14 out of the 43 presented PSFs affected 80% of the errors and incidents that had arisen where PSF repetition was allowed, which amounted to 15 where repetition was not allowed. Conclusion: The Chi-square goodness of fit test result showed that the proposed H-PSFs have sufficient validity to be generalized to other healthcare systems. The results of this article can be of great help to healthcare system managers so that they can make better decisions with the help of the results of this article in formulating general and healthcare system policies. Also, the findings of this study can be used in the healthcare system to analyze and improve human reliability, direct resources more efficiently to improve the Performance of safety management systems, and reduce errors and incidents.

In this paper، it is demonstrated that shaping of the cathode along the symmetry axis in a relativistic magnetron، leads to a shift in Hull and Hartree curves in such a way that a set of curves is obtained instead of only two curves. This results to excitation of numerous harmonics and so proposing a broadband tube. As an example، without any changes in the anode structure، A6 relativistic magnetron cathode has been subjected to parabolic shaping parallel to the symmetry axis preserving the axial symmetry. To perform a study in this regard، employing a 3D particle in cell simulation، it will be shown that the output power can exceed 400MW while the frequency ranges from 5GHz to 20 GHz.

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This article provides an in-depth exploration of the dynamic field of sports physiology and its critical impact on athletic Performance and training. It begins by examining the integration of sports physiology in coaching and athlete training, highlighting the shift towards personalized training regimes. These regimes are increasingly informed by genetic and physiological data, allowing for tailored workout plans that optimize Performance and minimize injury risks. The role of wearable technology in this context is emphasized, showcasing how real-time physiological monitoring is revolutionizing training methodologies. The article then delves into the role of sports physiology in injury prevention and management, discussing innovations that have led to more effective injury prevention strategies, advancements in protective gear, and rehabilitation techniques grounded in the latest research. A significant focus is placed on the impact of environmental factors such as altitude, temperature, and humidity on athletic Performance. This section underscores the importance of acclimatization strategies and physiological adaptations, enabling athletes to optimize Performance in diverse environmental conditions. The discussion extends to cover the implications of these environmental factors, technological advancements, and personalized training approaches on injury prevention and management. It also explores the future directions of sports physiology research, highlighting emerging areas such as genomics and metabolomics, and the importance of bridging the gap between research and practical application. The article concludes by synthesizing these insights, underscoring their profound implications for the future of sports physiology and athletic Performance. It emphasizes the importance of integrating scientific findings into practical applications, reflecting the evolving nature of sports physiology as a key driver in enhancing athletic Performance, health, and career longevity. This comprehensive overview offers a detailed perspective on the current state and future potential of sports physiology, illustrating its pivotal role in the realm of competitive sports and athlete development.

Introduction: The irreparable consequences of human error in the health care sector have made patient safety an important principle in medical professions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the probability of human error in operating room personnel in the process of appendectomy operations. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed to identify and evaluate the probability of human error in operating room personnel's tasks in the process of appendectomy in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd. Initially, by interviewing personnel and studying the process and procedures of the work, the job duties of the personnel were analyzed using HTA method. Finally, the probability of error was calculated using SPAR-H method for different tasks. Results: The average human error probability for all tasks was 0. 173. Also, the highest mean of error was related to anesthesiologist duties (0. 23) and the least related to scrub duties (0. 101). Conclusion: The SPAR-H method can be used to analyze and quantify the probability of human error in the operating room. To reduce the likelihood of human error, we can reduce dependency by performing different tasks with different people and if possible with long time between them. Also, stress, complexity and procedures were identified as the most important factors affecting the probability of error.

Background and Objectives: Despite continuous efforts to reduce human error in various systems, unsafe errors and behaviors are the main cause of incidents in the workplace. Hospitals are one of the places where human error events are abundant. Therefore, a systematic review of past studies is the best way to share the useful findings of studies and the availability of future studies in the field of human error. Materials and Methods: The electronic search of databases in Persian and English was done in three months from the beginning of the establishment of the databases. These articles were searched from PubMed, Scopus, web of science databases, and using the (or human) OR (human error) AND (health care OR health section) Performance shaping factors (OR PSF). Results: After searching, 6800 abstracts were searched. 5327 articles were excluded because they were not in line with the study objectives and inclusion criteria. Then 1473 abstract articles were independently studied by two researchers and the unrelated studies were excluded. 81 articles were independently reviewed by two researchers. Finally, 30 articles were fully in the study. Conclusion: The lack of skills and experience (26. 6%), drug misconception (13. 33%), negligence in treatment (10%), error of delay and error, and failure to implement the proper protocol for each share were equal (6. 66%), security issues and Organizational culture and lack of complete patient examination, system failure, calibration and error selection, and diagnostic error and lack of information and error in implementing regulations (3. 33 percent) also had a similar effect.

The era of globalization and log in to knowledge-based economy along with the increasing rate of change, actors’ sensitivity to quality issues in order to harmonize with the demands of stakeholders by the system of higher education has become more prominent. This study with review of main trends of higher education developments and major drivers affects the quality assurance of higher education by the point of views, outlooks, and ideas of experts, the typology of forces, shaping quality assurance of higher education. This study was conducted by qualitative method of phenomenological approach with purposive sampling and semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 faculty members, and was analyzed by Streubert and Carpenter (2003). The results of the shaping quality assurance in 7 main themes including endogenous factors, environmental political, economic, social, international, infrastructure and environmental factors and 17 sub-thematic were summarized. The results of this study can open new horizons of thoughts in relation with creating a desirable future and normative for correct of policies and long-term plans in domain of issues related with higher education quality.